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^ a b "Matrikeledition der Universität Zürich".Women's Struggle for Higher Education in Russia, 1855–1900. ^ Edith Saurer Margareth Lanzinger Elisabeth Frysak (2006).Women scholars from Poland, Austria, Belgium, and other parts of Europe relocated to Switzerland in the late 19th century to enroll in university, such as Belgium's first female university graduate, physician Isala Van Diest.
Universities in Switzerland were the first modern-era European universities to admit female students. The first woman known to receive a Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Europe is believed to be Elena Cornaro, who received the degree at the University of Padua in 1678. Wolicka was the first woman to earn a Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Europe in the modern era. In 1895, she published an article in the Polish law journal Athenæum titled "Twenty five years of the parliamentary struggle for the rights of women". She became a noted writer on women's rights in Poland. Her doctoral dissertation was published in 1875 by Zürcher und Furrer in Zurich. Wolicka married, and became known by the name Stefania Wolicka-Arnd. Hulewicz noted that she belongs to the first generation of Polish female students, a generation that was composed "primarily of heroic individuals". She has been called one of the "first Polish female academicians". Her doctoral dissertation is titled "Griechische Frauengestalten, 1.Teil" ( Greek Figures of Women, Part 1). Despite being forced to leave Switzerland, she received her Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1875. Īccording to University of Zurich records, Wolicka was from Posen ( Poznań), and was born in Warsaw, and while she attended the University of Zurich, her parents were living in Zurich. However, Wolicka's name was on a list of 45 female Russian students sent to Tolstoy, who were all banned from teaching in the Russian Empire, forcing them to leave Switzerland by January 1, 1874. There is no evidence that Wolicka was ever part of this circle, and recent research indicates that some students in Zurich were listed as revolutionaries by the government based solely on the fact that they had attended university in Switzerland during the period 1872–73.
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Some were put on trial in Russia, during the Trial of Fifty in 1877, leading to convictions and imprisonment for several. The Russian government achieved the expulsion of several women students in Zurich, due to the political threat it saw in radical socialist activists called the "Fritschi Circle" (named after their Zurich landlady, Frau Fritsch). She petitioned the Minister of Education, Dmitry Tolstoy, directly, without success. Wolicka elected to continue her studies after her request for an exemption from the decree was denied. In 1873 she defied a decree ordering Russian women studying abroad to abandon their studies. Wolicka, born in Warsaw (which from 1867 was within the Russian Empire) pursued her history degree despite the efforts of the Russian government of the time to prevent women from pursuing higher education. Stefania Wolicka (1851–1937) was a Polish historian and the first woman awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy at the University of Zurich (in 1875).
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